Lesson 21: Present agentive (कर्तरि) participles for middle (आत्मनेपदिन्) verbs
3) Translate the following sentences into English and convert them into यद्-तद् constructions
१. दुःखं लभमानाः जनाः ईश्वरं निन्दन्ति।
Those people getting sadness blame god.
ये जनाः दुःखम् लभन्ते ते ईश्वरं निन्दन्ति।
२. गजमीक्षमाणः शृगालः तं गजं शंसति।
The jackal seeing the elephant praises that elephant.
यो शृगालो गजमीक्षति स गजं शंसति।
३. मां मित्रं मन्यमानः नरः मम मित्रं भवति।
The man who is thinking of me as a friend is my friend.
यो नरो मां मित्रं मन्यते स मे मित्रं भवति।
४. वने म्रियमाणं गजं दृष्ट्वा अहं खिद्ये।
Seeing the dying elephant in the forest I am depressed.
गजः वने म्रियते तत् दृष्ट्वा अहं खिद्ये।
५. स्वादूनि वचनानि भाषमाणः अपि शृगालः मृगस्य मित्रं न भवति।
Even a sweet talking jackal cannot become a deer's friend.
यदि शृगालः स्वादूनि वचनानि भाषते तथापि स मृगस्य मित्रं न भवति।
६. वने तुष्यन्तः गृहे च खिद्यमानाः जनाः मुनयः भवन्ति।
People who are happy in the forest and depressed at home are sages.
यो जनाः वने तुष्यन्ते गृहे च खिद्यन्ते ते मुनयः भवन्ति।
७. देवान् ईक्षमाणानाम् मुनीनाम् न कदापि दुःखं जायते।
The sages seeing the devas are never sad.
८. दुःखेन क्लिश्यमानाः जनाः पापं न त्यजन्ति, किन्तु ईश्वरमेव निन्दन्ति।
People afflicted by sadness do not abandon sin, but only condemn Ishwara.
Notes
Present agentive (कर्तरि) participles for middle (आत्मनेपदिन्) words
The meaning of these participles are like the present active voice participles for active verbs (परस्मैपदिन्) and follow the same syntactic rules.
| आत्मनेपदिन् Verb | Present participle | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| भाषते | भाषमाण | he who speaks or is speaking |
| विद्ययते | विद्यमाण | he who exists |
| अर्थयते | अर्थयमान् | he who requests |
In masculine and neuter forms these words aredeclined like अकारानतः words (i.e. like राम, फल etc). For the feminine form they are declined like रमा (i.e. भाषमाणा).
Examples
Note that यद्-तद् constructions are only approximately similar to the present participle constructions, and they do not express the nition of progressive aspect expressed by the present participle constructions.
| यद्-तद् sentence construction | Changed to present participle |
|---|---|
| या नारी मया सह विवदते ताम् अहम् निन्दामि | मया सह विवदमानाम् नारीम् अहम् निन्ददामि |
| यः ऋषिः नद्याम् गाहते तस्य पुत्राय धनम् यच्छामि | नद्याम् गाहमानस्य ऋषेः पुत्राय धनम् यच्छामि |
| या नदी वने वर्तते तस्याम् अहम् गाहे | वने वर्तमानायाम् नद्ययाम् अहम् गाहे |
Present passive (कर्मणि) participles
| आत्मनेपदिन् Verb | Present passive participle | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| दीयते | दीयमान | That which is being given |
| गम्यते | गम्यमान | That which is being gone to |
| नीयते | नीयमान | That which is being taken |
| खाद्यते | खाद्यमान | That which is being eaten |
| तुद्ययते | तुद्यमान् | That which is being hit |
The masculine and neuter present participle forms are declined like अकारान्तः words (i.e. राम, फल). In feminine form the words have आ in the end (e.g. दीयमाना).
| यद्-तद् sentence construction | Changed to present passive |
|---|---|
| यो ग्रामः रामेण गम्यते स मे न रोचते। | रामेण गम्यमानो ग्रामो मे न रोचते। |
| The village which is gone to by Rama does not appeal to me. | The village being visited by Rama does not appeal to me. |
| या नारी त्वया दृश्यते सा ते भगिनी। | त्वया दृश्यमाना नारी ते भगिनी। |
| The woman who is being seen by you is your sister. | The woman being seen by you is your sister. |
| यद् धनम् दासेन चोर्यते तत् कूपे पतति। | दासेन चोर्यमाण धनम् कूपे पतति। |
| The wealth which is being stolen by the servant falls into the well. | The money being stolen by the servant falls into a well. |
| यानि पुस्तकानि मया पठयन्ते तानि तुभ्यम् न दास्यामि। | मया पठयमानानि पुस्तकानि तुभ्यम् न दास्यामि। |
| I will not give you the books which are being read by me. | I will not give you the books being read by me. |
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning | Word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| पाप n. | sin | मधुर a. | sweet |
| कन्या f. | girl | हृदय n. | heart |
| वानर m. | monkey | मकर m. | crocodile |
| मकरी f. | female crocodile | सवादु a. | sweet |
| ताड्, तादयति 10P | to beat |