Terminology

वाक्यम् - sentence

पदम् - word

वर्णः - sounds (phenomes?)

अक्षरम - sounds

सन्धिः - when two वर्णः are joined/combined

समासम् - when two पदम् are joined/combined

In Sanskrit grammar there is an entire branch devoted to the study of the joining of two वर्णः and that is called सन्धिः. Example: नमस्ते, कोपि etc

Similarly there is a branch devoted to the study of the joining of two पदम् called समासम्. Example: देवालय, वृक्षमूलम, जगत्पति, करपत्रम् etc

प्रातिपदिकम् - base word/root of (सुबन्तम्) nouns, adjectives and other non-verbs

सुबन्तम् - nouns, adjectives and other non-verbs (नाम पदम्)

तिङन्तम् - verbs (क्रिया पदम)

कृदन्तम् - The term used to refer to a group of प्रत्ययाः. It is not a प्रत्यय by it self but refers to a group.

Misc stuff (not terminology)

Difference between अर्धम् and अर्धः is that अर्धम् is exactly half and अर्धः is a piece.

भो नवको मक्षिकः

त्वं दूरात् आगतः

केवलम्मृत्यवे

टाश्!!!

- हैकुः मया कृतम्

Sayings

अर्ध मात्रा लाधवेन पुत्रोत्सवम् मन्यन्ते वैयाकरणाः

Grammarians by saving an half a matra will get joy of getting a baby.

सूत्रलक्षणम्

अल्पाक्षरमसन्दिग्धं सारवद्विश्वतोमुखम्।

अस्तोभमनवद्यं च सूत्रं सूत्रविदो विदुः॥

The characteristics (or properties) of a Sutra. Only something with these six characteristics can be a Sutram.